Tatarstan Academy of Sciences

Violent drug cartels stifle Mexican science

Nobody has systematically documented the effects of organized crime on the Mexican research community, says David Ledesma, a spokesperson for the country’s science funding agency, the National Council for Science and Technology. But individual stories make clear that it has hampered scientific research.

Scientists are witnessing the collateral effects of something that has deeply transformed the rest of the country, says Arnulfo Blanco García, a restoration ecologist at the Michoacan University of San Nicolás de Hidalgo in Morelia. “I’ve seen it impact my youth, the economy, people’s quality of life,” he says. “This is never going to end.”

Heartbreak

The black market for petrol is driving violence near the Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT), says David Hughes, an astronomer at the National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (INAOE) and director of the telescope. Fuel pipelines pass very close to Sierra Negra, and the area has become more dangerous as Mexico’s drug cartels have moved in to tap the pipelines and sell the stolen petrol.

But the damage caused by drug-related violence cuts across scientific fields. On 28 January, Blanco García got a phone call from one of his collaborators in Tierra Caliente, an area disputed by feuding drug cartels. Community members who worked with Blanco García had received death threats from local gangs who wanted them to stop monitoring populations of military macaws (Ara militaris), a vulnerable species of parrot. The cartels felt the research had focused too many curious eyes on the area.

“I cried out of frustration,” Blanco García says. He was supposed to visit his colleagues in late January, but now he’s not sure when he’ll return.

Biological work in some of Mexico's reserves has also suffered from drug-related violence.Credit: Claudio Contreras/Naturepl.com

International collaborations have also suffered. Three years ago, Bryan Fry, a venom researcher at the University of Queensland in Australia, and his Mexican colleagues had to stop visiting a cave at their field site near Cuernavaca, where they were studying vampire bats (Desmondus rotundus). A drug trafficking route runs through the area, and fighting between cartels and the military made fieldwork extremely dangerous, especially at night.

The team was studying a peptide in the bats’ venom that could have medical applications, such as helping heal reattached body parts or transplanted tissue. The researchers wanted to search for variations of the peptide that could act quicker and last longer, but that meant they needed to study more bats.

Fry and his colleagues can’t return to the cave near Cuernavaca, so he is considering shifting his fieldwork to Costa Rica. But getting the permits to start searching for the right cave can take up to two years. “It’s an inconvenience for me,” Fry says. “But for Mexican researchers it’s absolutely heartbreaking; their country is being denied to them.”

Mariela Fuentes Ponce, an agronomist at the Metropolitan Autonomous University in Mexico City, had spent four years helping indigenous communities in the southwestern state of Guerrero improve their farming practices. But after soldiers detained and falsely accused one of her colleagues of being involved with drug traffickers, or narcos, in 2016, Fuentes Ponce abandoned the project out of safety concerns. She lost all of her data and never saw the results of her work.

Workarounds

Still, some scientists have tried to work around the violence. Many do what Luis David Alcaraz, a microbial genomics researcher at the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City calls “road biology”, where researchers sample along the main highways to avoid risky encounters in more isolated areas. “The narcos stripped us of our exploratory vein,” Alcaraz says.

Landscape ecologist Camilo Alcántara, at the University of Guanajuato, says his team is relying less on field measurements and more on satellite images to study land-use changes. But remote measurements can only take them so far. At some point, Alcántara says, “your models end up being pure speculation”.

Mexico’s government is also trying different strategies to address the drug-related violence. President Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced on 30 January that Mexico’s war on drugs had ended, and in a bid for peace, his administration would no longer prioritize capturing cartel leaders. But researchers are sceptical that this will work.

“We’re waiting for the authorities to help us do our jobs,” says Alberto Carramiñana, an INAOE astrophysicist who works at the High-Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory (HAWC), which detects high-energy cosmic and γ-rays in a search for supernovae and neutron star collisions. The observatory and the LMT are neighbours, and HAWC researchers were barred from visiting the telescope on 9 January over safety concerns.

On 7 February, government officials said that they anticipated that the LMT and HAWC would return to normal operations in a couple of weeks with help from state authorities. But they declined to give details during a press conference on how this would be accomplished for security reasons.

“Ultimately, what we want to do is go back and better understand the universe,” says Carramiñana.